X. Yuan^{* *}Correspondence: X. Yuan, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, Email:

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Anti- and bios are two ancient Greek terms that mean “against” and “life,” respectively. Antibiotics are therefore inherently “against life” compounds. In actuality, they are antibacterial agents, which are low molecular weight compounds with a typical dalton weight of less than 1000. Other classes of small-molecule medications go against microbial parasites or viruses (antiviral agents) (antiparasitic drugs). They don’t treat bacterial infections and have different molecular targets from antibiotics. Since their first invention, antibiotics have served as a cornerstone of contemporary medicine. Effective antibiotics have made significant medical advancements possible in the treatment of trauma, routine invasive surgery, and the care and treatment of immunosuppressed populations, including organ transplant recipients and cancer chemotherapy patients.

As a result, countless individuals around the world now enjoy better health and longer lifespans. Antibiotics are now considered standard practise in medicine due to their accessibility, effectiveness, and affordability. Most people can no longer recall a time when the majority of what are now thought of as mild bacterial infections were incurable. The bacteria that antibiotics were designed to treat developed resistance quickly when they were widely available. This wasn’t too troubling because, up until the 1960s, antibiotic development largely kept up with resistance. But after using and abusing empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics for many years, and failing to create new medicines with novel methods of action, resistance has exploded, posing a possibility that the world will soon go back to the days before antibiotics. There is growing evidence that broad-spectrum antibiotics disturb our healthy and beneficial microbiome in addition to their effects on resistance rates. In addition to a sharp rise in diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile, these microbiome disturbances or dysbioses have also been related to diabetes, obesity, immunological disorders, and the horizontal gene transfer that spreads antibiotic resistance. There needs to be a fundamental shift in how bacterial illnesses are managed, regardless of whether the wide consequences of microbiome dysbiosis will be supported by future clinical studies.

Numerous people have started to think about using single-pathogen antibacterial medicines as a solution as the epidemic of resistance worsens. The use of pathogen-specific Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) to treat infections concurrently with antibiotics or to prevent infections is one strategy under investigation. The adaptive immune system creates antibodies, which are organic proteins. Individuals may be passively immunised with mAbs chosen for greater functional activity in order to minimise bacterial pathogenicity and to increase the effectiveness of the host immune response against the pathogen. The idea of antibody-mediated passive vaccination to prevent or treat bacterial infections is not new; it was successfully used in the form of serum treatment prior to the discovery of antibiotics. However, these medications were generally supplanted by more affordable and secure broad-spectrum antibiotics because of their high cost and hazardous side effects. To treat some bacterial infections, such as diphtheria and botulism, antitoxins are still employed in modern medicine. The pharmaceutical and biotech sectors have seen a rise in the number of mAbs in their portfolios since the 1970s, when murine hybridoma technology was first developed. Numerous improvements in mAb production and technology have been sparked by the emergence and promise of mAb-based therapeutics. Fully human mAbs can now be separated using technologies, and when delivered to patients, they exhibit lower immunogenicity and toxicity than previously seen with mAbs derived from other species. Phage libraries that express completely human antibodies or antibody fragments, for instance, are accessible. Using conventional hybridoma technologies, mice that have been genetically altered to express a whole human antibody repertoire or human Fab linked to a mouse Fc have also been created. Additionally, methods have been devised to separate immunoglobulin directly from infected patients’ human B cells or from those that have received a vaccination. A novel class of mAbs not previously available for the prevention or treatment of bacterial infections has been isolated thanks to advancements in mAb technology and high calibre screening tests.